H00020 | |
H number | H00020 |
Name | Colorectal cancer |
Description | Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. CRC arises from the colorectal epithelium as a result of the accumulation of genetic alterations in defined oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (TSG). Two major mechanisms of genomic instability have been identified in sporadic CRC progression. The first, known as chromosomal instability (CIN), results from a series of genetic changes that involve the activation of oncogenes such as K-ras and inactivation of TSG such as p53, DCC/Smad4, and APC. The second, known as microsatellite instability (MSI), results from inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair genes MLH1 and/or MSH2 by hypermethylation of their promoter, and secondary mutation of genes with coding microsatellites, such as transforming growth factor receptor II (TGF-RII) and BAX. Hereditary syndromes have germline mutations in specific genes (mutation in the tumour suppressor gene APC on chromosome 5q in FAP, mutated DNA mismatch repair genes in HNPCC). |
Category | Cancer DIS_PATHWAY hsa05210 Colorectal cancer |
Network | nt06260 Colorectal cancer nt06503 Mismatch repair nt06505(H00020) WNT signaling nt06507(H00020) TGFB signaling nt06515(H00020) Regulation of kinetochore-microtubule interactions nt06524(H00020) Apoptosis |
Gene | (HNPCC) MLH1 [HSA:4292] [KO:K08734] (HNPCC) MLH3 [HSA:27030] [KO:K08739] (HNPCC) MSH2 [HSA:4436] [KO:K08735] (HNPCC) MSH6 [HSA:2956] [KO:K08737] (HNPCC) TGFBR2 [HSA:7048] [KO:K04388] (FAP) APC [HSA:324] [KO:K02085] (FAP) MSH3 [HSA:4437] [KO:K08736] (PPAP) POLD1 [HSA:5424] [KO:K02327] (PPAP) POLE [HSA:5426] [KO:K02324] DCC [HSA:1630] [KO:K06765] KRAS [HSA:3845] [KO:K07827] GALNT12 [HSA:79695] [KO:K00710] SMAD7 [HSA:4092] [KO:K19631] SMAD4 [HSA:4089] [KO:K04501] SMAD2 [HSA:4087] [KO:K04500] BAX [HSA:581] [KO:K02159] AXIN2 [HSA:8313] [KO:K04385] BRAF [HSA:673] [KO:K04365] CCND1 [HSA:595] [KO:K04503] CHEK2 [HSA:11200] [KO:K06641] CTNNB1 [HSA:1499] [KO:K02105] FLCN [HSA:201163] [KO:K09594] PIK3CA [HSA:5290] [KO:K00922] TP53 [HSA:7157] [KO:K04451] BUB1 [HSA:699] [KO:K02178] BUB1B [HSA:701] [KO:K06637] AURKA [HSA:6790] [KO:K11481] EGF (overexpression) [HSA:1950] [KO:K04357] TGFA (overexpression) [HSA:7039] [KO:K08774] EREG (overexpression) [HSA:2069] [KO:K09784] AREG (overexpression) [HSA:374] [KO:K09782] |
Pathogen | - |
Env factor | - |
Carcinogen | - |
Drug | Capecitabine [DR:D01223] Floxuridine [DR:D04197] Trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride [DR:D10526] Irinotecan hydrochloride [DR:D01061] Encorafenib [DR:D11053] (BRAF mutation positive) Regorafenib hydrate [DR:D10137] Cetuximab [DR:D03455] (BRAF mutation positive) Panitumumab [DR:D05350] (KRAS and NRAS wild type) Nivolumab [DR:D10316] (MSI-H or dMMR) Pembrolizumab [DR:D10574] (MSI-H) Bevacizumab [DR:D06409] Ramucirumab [DR:D09371] Oxaliplatin [DR:D01790] Aflibercept [DR:D09574] Leucovorin calcium [DR:D01211] Levoleucovorin calcium [DR:D04715] Calcium levofolinate hydrate [DR:D11555] Sodium levofolinate [DR:D11394] |
Comment | - |
Other DBs | ICD-11: 2B90 2B91 2B92 ICD-10: C18 C19 C20 MeSH: D015179 OMIM: 114500 608812 612229 |
Reference | PMID:11477132 AUTHORS Houlston RS. TITLE What we could do now: molecular pathology of colorectal cancer. JOURNAL Mol Pathol 54:206-14 (2001) DOI:10.1136/mp.54.4.206 PMID:12621137 AUTHORS Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. TITLE Hereditary colorectal cancer. JOURNAL N Engl J Med 348:919-32 (2003) DOI:10.1056/NEJMra012242 PMID:15000146 (TP53, APC, MSH3, MSH6, CTNNB1, KRAS, TGFBR2, BAX) AUTHORS Grady WM. TITLE Genomic instability and colon cancer. JOURNAL Cancer Metastasis Rev 23:11-27 (2004) DOI:10.1023/A:1025861527711 PMID:16555243 (DCC, SMAD2/4, TP53, APC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, CTNNB1, KRAS, TGFBR2, BAX) AUTHORS Soreide K, Janssen EA, Soiland H, Korner H, Baak JP. TITLE Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. JOURNAL Br J Surg 93:395-406 (2006) DOI:10.1002/bjs.5328 PMID:15310786 (DCC) AUTHORS Mehlen P, Fearon ER. TITLE Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. JOURNAL J Clin Oncol 22:3420-8 (2004) DOI:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.019 PMID:19617566 (GALNT12) AUTHORS Guda K, Moinova H, He J, Jamison O, Ravi L, Natale L, Lutterbaugh J, Lawrence E, Lewis S, Willson JK, Lowe JB, Wiesner GL, Parmigiani G, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Dawson DW, Velculescu VE, Kinzler KW, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Willis J, Gerken TA, Markowitz SD TITLE Inactivating germ-line and somatic mutations in polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 in human colon cancers. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:12921-5 (2009) DOI:10.1073/pnas.0901454106 PMID:17934461 (SNAD7) AUTHORS Broderick P, Carvajal-Carmona L, Pittman AM, Webb E, Howarth K, Rowan A, Lubbe S, Spain S, Sullivan K, Fielding S, Jaeger E, Vijayakrishnan J, Kemp Z, Gorman M, Chandler I, Papaemmanuil E, Penegar S, Wood W, Sellick G, Qureshi M, Teixeira A, Domingo E, Barclay E, Martin L, Sieber O, Kerr D, Gray R, Peto J, Cazier JB, Tomlinson I, Houlston RS TITLE A genome-wide association study shows that common alleles of SMAD7 influence colorectal cancer risk. JOURNAL Nat Genet 39:1315-7 (2007) DOI:10.1038/ng.2007.18 PMID:26133394 (POLE, POLD1) AUTHORS Bellido F, Pineda M, Aiza G, Valdes-Mas R, Navarro M, Puente DA, Pons T, Gonzalez S, Iglesias S, Darder E, Pinol V, Soto JL, Valencia A, Blanco I, Urioste M, Brunet J, Lazaro C, Capella G, Puente XS, Valle L TITLE POLE and POLD1 mutations in 529 kindred with familial colorectal cancer and/or polyposis: review of reported cases and recommendations for genetic testing and surveillance. JOURNAL Genet Med 18:325-32 (2016) DOI:10.1038/gim.2015.75 PMID:7912978 AUTHORS Hayashi Y, Widjono YW, Ohta K, Hanioka K, Obayashi C, Itoh K, Imai Y, Itoh H TITLE Expression of EGF, EGF-receptor, p53, v-erb B and ras p21 in colorectal neoplasms by immunostaining paraffin-embedded tissues. JOURNAL Pathol Int 44:124-30 (1994) DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1994.tb01696.x PMID:11017067 (AXIN2) AUTHORS Liu W, Dong X, Mai M, Seelan RS, Taniguchi K, Krishnadath KK, Halling KC, Cunningham JM, Boardman LA, Qian C, Christensen E, Schmidt SS, Roche PC, Smith DI, Thibodeau SN TITLE Mutations in AXIN2 cause colorectal cancer with defective mismatch repair by activating beta-catenin/TCF signalling. JOURNAL Nat Genet 26:146-7 (2000) DOI:10.1038/79859 PMID:12198537 (BRAF, KRAS) AUTHORS Rajagopalan H, Bardelli A, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE TITLE Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status. JOURNAL Nature 418:934 (2002) DOI:10.1038/418934a PMID:10667569 (CCND1) AUTHORS Kong S, Amos CI, Luthra R, Lynch PM, Levin B, Frazier ML TITLE Effects of cyclin D1 polymorphism on age of onset of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. JOURNAL Cancer Res 60:249-52 (2000) PMID:12690581 (CHEK2) AUTHORS Meijers-Heijboer H, Wijnen J, Vasen H, Wasielewski M, Wagner A, Hollestelle A, Elstrodt F, van den Bos R, de Snoo A, Fat GT, Brekelmans C, Jagmohan S, Franken P, Verkuijlen P, van den Ouweland A, Chapman P, Tops C, Moslein G, Burn J, Lynch H, Klijn J, Fodde R, Schutte M TITLE The CHEK2 1100delC mutation identifies families with a hereditary breast and colorectal cancer phenotype. JOURNAL Am J Hum Genet 72:1308-14 (2003) DOI:10.1086/375121 PMID:12843323 (FLCN) AUTHORS Kahnoski K, Khoo SK, Nassif NT, Chen J, Lobo GP, Segelov E, Teh BT TITLE Alterations of the Birt-Hogg-Dube gene (BHD) in sporadic colorectal tumours. JOURNAL J Med Genet 40:511-5 (2003) DOI:10.1136/jmg.40.7.511 PMID:11317354 (MLH3) AUTHORS Lipkin SM, Wang V, Stoler DL, Anderson GR, Kirsch I, Hadley D, Lynch HT, Collins FS TITLE Germline and somatic mutation analyses in the DNA mismatch repair gene MLH3: Evidence for somatic mutation in colorectal cancers. JOURNAL Hum Mutat 17:389-96 (2001) DOI:10.1002/humu.1114 PMID:15016963 (PIK3CA) AUTHORS Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, Silliman N, Ptak J, Szabo S, Yan H, Gazdar A, Powell SM, Riggins GJ, Willson JK, Markowitz S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE TITLE High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. JOURNAL Science 304:554 (2004) DOI:10.1126/science.1096502 PMID:21139621 (EGF, TGFA, EREG, AREG) AUTHORS Di Fiore F, Sesboue R, Michel P, Sabourin JC, Frebourg T TITLE Molecular determinants of anti-EGFR sensitivity and resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer. JOURNAL Br J Cancer 103:1765-72 (2010) DOI:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606008 PMID:9521327 (BUB1, BUB1B) AUTHORS Cahill DP, Lengauer C, Yu J, Riggins GJ, Willson JK, Markowitz SD, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B TITLE Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers. JOURNAL Nature 392:300-3 (1998) DOI:10.1038/32688 PMID:12881723 (AURKA) AUTHORS Ewart-Toland A, Briassouli P, de Koning JP, Mao JH, Yuan J, Chan F, MacCarthy-Morrogh L, Ponder BA, Nagase H, Burn J, Ball S, Almeida M, Linardopoulos S, Balmain A TITLE Identification of Stk6/STK15 as a candidate low-penetrance tumor-susceptibility gene in mouse and human. JOURNAL Nat Genet 34:403-12 (2003) DOI:10.1038/ng1220 |