| H01490 | |
| H number | H01490 |
| Name | Multiple sclerosis |
| Description | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. This disease typically strikes young adults, especially women. There are four types of MS according to their relapsing or progressive pattern that include relapsing-remitting (RRMS), secondary progressive (SPMS), primary progressive (PPMS), and progressive relapsing (PRMS). In most patients, the disease has a relapsing-remitting course during the first years. Within 10 years, approximately 50% of patients progress to SPMS. The aetiology of MS is not well understood, but it is likely multifactorial, combining both genetic and environmental factors. Recently, the literature on the risk factors for MS has grown substantially. They indicate that a combination of a genetic predisposition, exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, cigarette smoking, and reduced sunlight exposure/vitamin D levels is involved. Authorized first-line treatments are considered equally effective, and include interferon beta and glatiramer acetate. They are primarily directed against inflammation, and might fail to adequately control disease activity in some patients. In that case, it has been recommended to switch these patients early to a therapy of higher efficacy. Currently, 13 different drugs with ten different active components are licensed in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) for the treatment of MS. |
| Category | Immune system disease |
| Network | - |
| Gene | (MS) PDCD1 [HSA:5133] [KO:K06744] (MS) HLA-DRB1 [HSA:3123] [KO:K06752] (MS) HLA-DQB1 [HSA:3119] [KO:K06752] (MS5) TNFRSF1A [HSA:7132] [KO:K03158] |
| Pathogen | Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus) [GN:T40079] |
| Env factor | - |
| Carcinogen | - |
| Drug | Triamcinolone acetonide [DR:D00983] Dexamethasone [DR:D00292] Hydrocortisone [DR:D00088] Hydrocortisone sodium succinate [DR:D00978] Prednisolone sodium phosphate [DR:D00981] Prednisone [DR:D00473] Methylprednisolone [DR:D00407] Methylprednisolone sodium succinate [DR:D00751] Methylprednisolone acetate [DR:D00979] Corticotropin [DR:D00146] Cladribine [DR:D01370] Mitoxantrone hydrochloride [DR:D02166] Ofatumumab [DR:D09314] Interferon beta-1a [DR:D04554] Interferon beta-1b [DR:D00746] Peginterferon beta-1a [DR:D10483] Glatiramer acetate [DR:D04318] Natalizumab [DR:D06886] Fingolimod hydrochloride [DR:D04187] Teriflunomide [DR:D10172] Alemtuzumab [DR:D02802] Ocrelizumab [DR:D05218] Ozanimod hydrochloride [DR:D10967] Siponimod fumarate [DR:D11072] Ponesimod [DR:D11215] Ublituximab [DR:D11243] Daclizumab [DR:D03639] Dimethyl fumarate [DR:D03846] Diroximel fumarate [DR:D11154] Baclofen [DR:D00241] Dantrolene sodium [DR:D02274] Dalfampridine [DR:D04127] Monomethyl fumarate [DR:D11492] Fingolimod lauryl sulfate [DR:D12549] |
| Comment | - |
| Other DBs | ICD-11: 8A40 ICD-10: G35 MeSH: D009103 OMIM: 126200 614810 |
| Reference | PMID:24424194 AUTHORS Milo R, Miller A TITLE Revised diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL Autoimmun Rev 13:518-24 (2014) DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.012 PMID:25802867 AUTHORS McKay KA, Kwan V, Duggan T, Tremlett H TITLE Risk factors associated with the onset of relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. JOURNAL Biomed Res Int 2015:817238 (2015) DOI:10.1155/2015/817238 PMID:23730204 AUTHORS Goris A, Pauwels I, Dubois B TITLE Progress in multiple sclerosis genetics. JOURNAL Curr Genomics 13:646-63 (2012) DOI:10.2174/138920212803759695 PMID:15912506 (PDCD1) AUTHORS Kroner A, Mehling M, Hemmer B, Rieckmann P, Toyka KV, Maurer M, Wiendl H TITLE A PD-1 polymorphism is associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL Ann Neurol 58:50-7 (2005) DOI:10.1002/ana.20514 PMID:14669136 (HLA-DRB1 HLA-DQB1) AUTHORS Oksenberg JR, Barcellos LF, Cree BA, Baranzini SE, Bugawan TL, Khan O, Lincoln RR, Swerdlin A, Mignot E, Lin L, Goodin D, Erlich HA, Schmidt S, Thomson G, Reich DE, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Hauser SL TITLE Mapping multiple sclerosis susceptibility to the HLA-DR locus in African Americans. JOURNAL Am J Hum Genet 74:160-7 (2004) DOI:10.1086/380997 PMID:22801493 (TNFRSF1A) AUTHORS Gregory AP, Dendrou CA, Attfield KE, Haghikia A, Xifara DK, Butter F, Poschmann G, Kaur G, Lambert L, Leach OA, Promel S, Punwani D, Felce JH, Davis SJ, Gold R, Nielsen FC, Siegel RM, Mann M, Bell JI, McVean G, Fugger L TITLE TNF receptor 1 genetic risk mirrors outcome of anti-TNF therapy in multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL Nature 488:508-511 (2012) DOI:10.1038/nature11307 |