| H00025 | |
| H number | H00025 |
| Name | Penile cancer |
| Description | Penile cancer is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence is relatively rare in developed countries but more common in South America and East Africa. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the predominant tumor type in penile cancer, accounting for 95% of cases. Penile cancers are thought to arise from the progression of precursor lesions and can be subdivided into human papilloma virus (HPV) positive and HPV negative cases. Most common disrupted pathways, both in HPV-mediated and HPV-independent penile carcinogenesis, involve the p14ARF/MDM2/p53 and/or p16INK4a/cyclin D/Rb pathways. HPVs exert their oncogenic effect by expressing the oncoproteins E6 and E7, which bind to and inactivate the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor gene products, respectively. HPV independent mechanisms of pathway inactivation include silencing of the p16INK4a gene by promoter hypermethylation, somatic mutations of the p53 gene, over-expression of MDM2 and mutation of p14ARF. Several other molecular events include alterations in the activity and/or expression of ras and myc genes, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX) pathway and prostaglandin E2 synthase. These alterations have been described in both HPV-positive and -negative penile cancers. |
| Category | Cancer |
| Network | - |
| Gene | p16/INK4a (promoter hypermethylation) [HSA:1029] [KO:K06621] BMI1 (overexpression) [HSA:648] [KO:K11459] p53 (mutation) [HSA:7157] [KO:K04451] MDM2 (overexpression) [HSA:4193] [KO:K06643] H-ras (mutation) [HSA:3265] [KO:K02833] c-MYC (mutation) [HSA:4609] [KO:K04377] E-Cadherin (expression) [HSA:999] [KO:K05689] MMP-2 (expression) [HSA:4313] [KO:K01398] MMP-9 (expression) [HSA:4318] [KO:K01403] COX-2 (expression) [HSA:5743] [KO:K11987] PTGES2 (expression) [HSA:80142] [KO:K05309] |
| Pathogen | Human papillomavirus type 16 [GN:T40087] Human papillomavirus type 18 [GN:T40088] |
| Env factor | - |
| Carcinogen | - |
| Drug | - |
| Comment | - |
| Other DBs | ICD-11: 2C81 ICD-10: C60 MeSH: D010412 |
| Reference | PMID:18607597 AUTHORS Bleeker MC, Heideman DA, Snijders PJ, Horenblas S, Dillner J, Meijer CJ TITLE Penile cancer: epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. JOURNAL World J Urol 27:141-50 (2009) DOI:10.1007/s00345-008-0302-z PMID:17466899 AUTHORS Kayes O, Ahmed HU, Arya M, Minhas S. TITLE Molecular and genetic pathways in penile cancer. JOURNAL Lancet Oncol 8:420-9 (2007) DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70137-7 PMID:18548255 AUTHORS Muneer A, Kayes O, Ahmed HU, Arya M, Minhas S TITLE Molecular prognostic factors in penile cancer. JOURNAL World J Urol 27:161-7 (2009) DOI:10.1007/s00345-008-0275-y PMID:11281434 AUTHORS Severson J, Evans TY, Lee P, Chan T, Arany I, Tyring SK. TITLE Human papillomavirus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy. JOURNAL J Cutan Med Surg 5:43-60 (2001) DOI:10.1177/120347540100500110 PMID:1311142 AUTHORS Daling JR, Sherman KJ, Hislop TG, Maden C, Mandelson MT, Beckmann AM, Weiss NS. TITLE Cigarette smoking and the risk of anogenital cancer. JOURNAL Am J Epidemiol 135:180-9 (1992) DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116270 PMID:16569359 AUTHORS Gentile V, Vicini P, Giacomelli L, Cardillo MR, Pierangeli A, Degener AM. TITLE Detection of human papillomavirus DNA, p53 and ki67 expression in penile carcinomas. JOURNAL Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 19:209-15 (2006) DOI:10.1177/205873920601900121 |